Global True Lithuania Encyclopedia of Lithuanian heritage worldwide

Shenandoah and southern Coal Region, Pennsylvania

The Southern Coal region of Pennsylvania is known as "Little Lithuania". The percentage of ethnic Lithuanians in its towns is larger than in any other area of the USA. Moreover, this region has also been important for the cultural history of the entire Lithuanian nation. Almost every town here has (or had) a Lithuanian church, cemetery, or club(s).

Memorial plaque for Little Lithuania in Shenandoah

The Lithuanian churches impress with their lavishness (knowing that everything was created by the donations of poor coal miners). Local Lithuanian cemeteries are rich in old gravestones and monuments with Old Lithuanian inscriptions telling the life stories of these immigrants. The region even has locations that are important to the history of Lithuania, not just Lithuanian-Americans, such as the site where the world's first Lithuanian-language novel was published. It also has numerous buildings with Lithuanian symbols in the facades. Lithuanian Days, the America's oldest continuous ethnic festival, is held in the area every year since 1914.

Mt. Carmel Lithuanian school facade with Vytis

Southern Coal Region countryside has numerous closed derelict closed coal (anthracite) mines which lured all those Lithuanians in during the 1860s-1910s era. The local towns are notable for their straight streets and high density of buildings. They were built that way to use up less of the valuable mining land. Nowadays, however, the population density is much lower and many buildings are derelict.

Hazleton Lithuanian church

Currently, the local Schuylkill county is the most Lithuanian one in the entire USA, with Lithuanians making 5% of local population. The locations with the most Lithuanian heritage are Shenandoah itself, Shenandoah Heights, Frackville, Mahanoy City, Mount Carmel, and Tamaqua.

Coal breaker under demolition near Shenandoah. It was among the last surviving such massive buildings that once employed many Lithuaians

Shenandoah - Vilnius of America

The heart of the Pennsylvania's Lithuanian region is Shenandoah (pop. 5500) that used to be nicknamed "Vilnius of America". Even today it is ~14% Lithuanian. The heart of Lituanity here used to be a twin-towered St. George church that had the longest Lithuanian history among the churches of the entire continent (built in 1891). It was full of Lithuanian art paid for by meager coal miner salaries. It was well on the way to be officially recognized as a heritage, yet after a controversial process and many protests, the diocese decided to tear St. George's down, despite the fact that it was the only church in the town built on solid ground. Lithuanians who collected money to list the church as heritage decided to spend it on a commemorative plaque for the Shenandoah's "Little Lithuania" (this plaque is located at the very center of the town, on the corner of Main and Centre streets).

Shenandoah St. George Lithuanian church site and the church's image

Shenandoah's nickname "Vilnius of America" is not an overstatement as the town had Lithuanian mayors for 42 years. More than that: the first Lithuanian-language novel in the world "Algimantas" has been published in Shenandoah in 1904 (its publishing house „Dirva“ stood at 15 W Oak St, whether the same building still stands is unclear). The reason for this (as well as Lithuanian migration to Coal Region in general) was that Lithuanians back home were discriminated under the Russian Imperial rule with their language banned between years 1865 and 1904.

The location where the first Lithuanian novel was published

Back then, Shenandoah was a much larger town than it is today, with a population of 20 000 (40 000 according to other sources), a quarter of them Lithuanians. "Ripley's Believe it or Not" claimed Shenandoah to be the world's most densely populated locality.

The decline that happened in Shenandoah since then has been common in all the towns of the Southern Coal Region: they lost at least half of population since 1930 while some even lost three-quarters. Arguably, this helped to save the Lithuanian culture - there have been comparatively few new migrants until 2000s (Blacks, Latin Americans), therefore the old communities continue to dominate culturally. When there are so many Lithuanians, the probability of having a Lithuanian husband or wife is also not that small so there are 100% Lithuanians up to 3rd, 4th and further generations of immigrants.

The no-new-immigrants situation began to change ~2000s-2010s, however, as New York City area logistics centers were developed nearby, attracting Hispanic immigrants but the Lithuanian component is still strong.

Still, what exists today is far under what existed in 1898 when Shenandoah Lithuanians owned 59 Taverns, 17 shops, 5 meat markets, 8 stonemasons, 3 barber shops, 4 tailors, 1 blacksmith, 5 mortuaries, 5 stables and 2 publishers! Likely, Shenandoah had more Lithuanian businesses than any city within Lithuania itself, where businesses were generally dominated by the ethnic minorities (Jews, Germans, Russians, and Poles) at the time.

Among the still-existing Lithuanian-owned businesses is the Lucky's Kielbasy shop ("Lucky's" refers to the Lithuanian surname of the owners "Lukashunas"), which still offers some Lithuanian food, as well as Vernalis (Varnelis) restaurant. In general, the areas Lithuanian cuisine has somewhat drifted away from the original Lithuanian cuisine. Some dish names are partly anglicized, while the main alcoholic beverage is a typically self-produced "Boilo", the closest counterpart back in Lithuania being krupnikas, however, krupnikas is quite a niche product there, whereas Boilo is seen as the most Lithuanian drink in the Pennsylvania Coal Region.

Lucky's Kielbasy deli

Shenandoah Heights Lithuanian cemeteries

The Lithuanian glory of the era may be glimpsed in six Lithuanian cemeteries of Shenandoah, located in the nearby Shenandoah Heights. This is the largest number of Lithuanian cemeteries at a single location anywhere in America. St. George Lithuanian cemetery is the oldest one, with burials dating to 1892-1934. The entrance has a Lithuanian inscription, while one of the graves not far from the entrance belongs to Rev. Andrius Strupinskas who is often claimed to be the America's first Lithuanian priest (his grave is marked by a small new plaque to be easily discovered).

In this cemetery, like in most of the Coal Region Lithuanian cemeteries, it is often better not to search for particular graves but rather wander looking at the old gravestones, reading their inscriptions, many of them in pre-modern Lithuanian language, and see the multitude of surnames: authentic Lithuanian, anglicized Lithuanian, polonized Lithuanian... After all, many of the immigrants were illiterate and their surnames would be written down by the migration officers as they heard them. Thus "Antanas Jonauskas" became "Anthony Yanousky", "Adomas Sinkevičius" - "Adam Sincavage", etc.

St. George Lithuanian cemetery entrance in Shenandoah

Our Lady of Calvary Lithuanian cemetery was born in 1911 out of the conflict between the priest and parishioners in the interwar St. George parish. The parishioners established their own cemetery and, having taken control of the church, even rang the bells for the funeral processions going there (the priest refused to participate in such funerals). [note: another source suggested that the Our Lady of Calvary Cemetery was established as independent in 1937 and consecrated in 1980, and the 1911 conflict happened at one of the other Shenandoah Lithuanian cemeteries]

An old grave in Our Lady of Calvary Lithuanian cemetery

Conflicts like that were especially common in the early Lithuanian-American churches (~1880s-1930s), as Lithuanians who donated money for their construction did not trust that priests (some of whom weren‘t very priestlike) would take a good care of it (they feared, for example, that the Lithuanian mass would be cancelled in favor of Polish or English). Thus, they requested that the property would remain legally theirs. The Roman Catholic Church, however, required the buildings be transferred to the church.

Among the key reasons for such battles was the fact that in the 19th century, Lithuanians (and thus Lithuanian-Americans) were divided between the very religious ones and those who regarded the Lithuanian identity to be more important than Catholic identity. In the Coal Region, however, both groups went to churches, as the Lithuanian churches were both religious and secular institutions where Lithuanians would meet (also engaging in folk dances after the mass, etc.). For that second group, the secular activities mattered far more than the religious ones; these „secular Catholics“ of Shenandoah even criticised priests for too long religious ceremonies. The priests regarded these people as lost souls, and this second group was prominent among the activists for the secular-rule of the churches.

Eventually, the Roman Catholic Church got hold of the St George‘s church after numerous court battles, and the Our Lady of Calvary also became officially Catholic. Today, however, it seems that the secular activists of ~1900 have been right, as the church has been demolished and its stones may still be found at the western end of the Our Lady of Calvary Cemetery. Initially, the diocese promised that it would build a symbolic belfry for Lithuanians out of these stones, but has reneged on its promises since.

Church materials at a Shenandoah Lithuanian cemetery

There are three more Lithuanian Catholic cemeteries in Shenandoah. In Our Lady of Lourdes Lithuanian cemetery, the most impressive memorial is that for Aleksandras and Viktorija Semenis, in the form of a Lourdes grotto with Lithuanian inscriptions. The interwar Our Lady of Fatima Lithuanian cemetery boasts a Lourdes-inspired grave of priest Rev. Mssgr. Joseph Anthony Karalius, who served as Shenandoah‘s Lithuanian pastor for 41 years and is credited for achieving the final victory against the secular activists in a battle for the church property, as well as supporting anti-Soviet religious activities in Lithuania.

Semenis family Lourdes in Shenandoah

Priest Karalius Lourdes in Shenandoah

Shenandoah Our Lady of Dawn Lithuanian cemetery is usually misnamed in English: the correct translation would be „Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn“, referring to the miraculous painting of Virgin Mary in the Gate of Dawn in Vilnius, Lithuania. In this cemetery, the entrance gate with Lithuanian inscriptions and bas-reliefs is the most impressive.

Entrance to the Our Lady of Dawn cemetery

Our Lady of Dawn Lithuanian cemetery in Shenandoah

Lithuanian bas-relief in the Shenandoah Our Lady of Dawn cemetery

Moreover, Shenandoah Heights has a small and old Liberty Cemetery of the Supreme Lodge of Lithuanians in America (est. 1900) which served the similarly named local organization; it has ~50 of its members buried here. The organization was related to Jonas Šliūpas, a leftist so critical of the church that his followers typically established alternative institutions to the Catholic institutions altogether. As such organizations died off (with post-WW2 Lithuanians turning against leftism due to the Soviet Genocide in Lithuania), the cemetery became mostly abandoned.

Shenandoah Lithuanian Liberty cemetery entrance

The southern side of Shenandoah Heights offers a great view of the Shenandoah town. Once, this view was dominated by the twin towers of the massive St. George Lithuanian church. The church is well-remembered as a key landmark of Shenandoah and even some advertising billboards ask the passers-by to remember it.

Shenandoah is also to receive a Lithuanian Museum, to be relocated from Frackville.

Lithuanian towns that surround Shenandoah

Merely a few miles separate Shenandoah from some other "Lithuanian" neighboring villages and towns. However, Lithuanians started moving in here at the time when the world could have only dreamt about automobiles and the intertown distances were still too big to travel on foot. Therefore, every town had its own Lithuanian church commissioned. All of them are small, usually with a single tower.

When there were so many Lithuanians, the ethnic traditions were easier to safeguard and even ~1970s the attendances of Lithuanian churches were increasing (those of other ethnic parishes were already declining). Even at ~1985 some Lithuanian parishes constructed new church buildings (therefore, although all the parishes had been established over a century ago, some church buildings are relatively new).

A street in Mahanoy city, a typical town of Shenandoah coal region

However, ~2008 the dioceses decided to abolish all the ethnic parishes and close their churches down. After all, Lithuanian masses had been abolished quite long ago in all of them: 3 or more generations have passed since the coal miner immigrants, thus the bishop thought there is no reason to keep multiple operating churches in small-and-diminishing towns/villages. However, the churches with their old Lithuanian inscriptions, paintings, decor are also important culturally and historically. Therefore, their communities defended them at all costs. Even though the Lithuanian language had been largely forgotten, other Lithuanian traditions (crafts, dances, food) are cherished.

In many of the area's towns you may see the images and names of the local war veterans posted on poles. By looking at these names you may easily discern the percentage of Lithuanians in the area, as nearly everybody whose surname ends in "-as" or "-is" is a Lithuanian. Those who have surnames ending in "-auski" are also Lithuanians, while those with "-owski", "-awicz", "-avich", "-avage" and similar-sounding surnames may be either Poles and Lithuanians.

Frackville Lithuanian district, museum and cemetery

One of the cities that cherishes the Lithuanian heritage the most is Frackville (pop. 4000 today, 8000 in 1930). It has an entire district of Lithuanian institutions around the Annunciation BVM Lithuanian church in Frackville. „Apreiškimo Panales Švenč Banyčia 1934“ inscription still adorns the cornerstone, although the church is now irregularly used. The interior includes stained-glass Windows with Lithuanian inscriptions, Our Lady of Vilnius painting, while the tower is crowned by a Lithuanian sun-cross. As the church is no longer officially a Lithuanian parish, some other Lithuanian details were removed (a recurring story in the Southern Coal region).

Frackville Lithuanian church

The nearby Lithuanian Museum and Cultural Center has been closed down in 2022, to be relocated to Shenandoah (see above). Established in 1982, it offered artifacts of the 19th-century Lithuanian immigrants, the once-cherished Lithuanian memorabilia which the Lithuanian-Americans were able to somehow acquire from the far-away and later Soviet-occupied Lithuania. This includes various manifestations of Lithuanian folk arts and crafts: kanklės traditional musical instruments, traditionally painted easter eggs (margučiai), straw ornaments, traditional crosses. Some of them have actually been created by local Coal Region Lithuanians, many of whom have actually never even visited Lithuania but still cherish the traditions passed on by their forefathers who may have immigranted ~1900. The museum also hosted exhibits explaining the Lithuanian-American life of the Coal Region (e.g. the symbols of once-numerous fraternity organizations). If you visited with somebody who knows the exhibits well, they could have told you many more stories, e.g. the exhibited funeral photos used to be sent through the Iron Curtain in order to inform on who is dead and who is alive at the time in the family without triggering censorship.

Frackville Lithuanian museum sign

Inside the Frackville Lithuanian museum

Fraternity symbol in Frackville museum

A Lithuanian rally in the 1920s as it appears in a Frackville Lithuanian museum image

Yet another Lithuanian building there is the Annunciation BVM parish hall (1957) that used to host Lithuanian Days in the 2010s, since moved elsewhere.

Away from its Lithuanian district, west of the town, Frackville hosts a large Frackville Lithuanian cemetery where not only Frackville Lithuanians but also Lithuanians from some other Lithuanian parishes used to be buried. Nominally, it consists of several cemeteries.

Entrance to the Frackville Lithuanian cemetery

Mahanoy City: Lithuanian church and cemeteries

In the same way as Shenandoah is important to Lithuanian literature, Mahanoy City (pop. 4 000 today, 16 000 in 1910) should be known to every fan of Lithuanian musical history. The coal miners of years-gone-by have established the world's first Lithuanian wind instrument orchestra ("Mainerių orkestra").

The town has a St. Joseph Lithuanian church, the area‘s oldest Lithuanian church (erected 1888-1893). Unlike in the other towns, where Lithuanian churches closed and Lithuanians were told to go to some once-non-Lithuanian parish, in Mahanoy City, all the parishes have been consolidated into the Lithuanian church in 2008. Therefore, it is the Lithuanian church that continues to be open, albeit now renamed after Mother Theresa of Calcutta, who visited it in 1995. Such parish consolidations, however, often mean that the one remaining church is renovated, thus losing some of its original ethnic details. For example, all the saints of the closed Mahanoy City churches have been painted over the altar, and new murals have been created all over the church. One Lithuanian thing remaining in the church is its stained-glass Windows. However, these are not authentic 19th-century stained-glass Windows. Most of these were replaced by new ones in the mid-20th century – while the surnames of the donors are still Lithuanian, the inscriptions themselves are not as, by this time, the Coal Region Lithuanian community increasingly spoke English as its first language. Only near the chorus do the original windows with Lithuanian inscriptions survive. On the outside, additional wall has been built parallel to the church where stained glass windows from the closed non-Lithuanian churches of Mahanoy City have been put on.

Mahanoy City Lithuanian church

The interior of the Mahanoy City Lithuanian church

Mahanoy City used to have numerous Lithuanian buildings buildings, however, most have been demolished in the 2010s-2020s.

Mahanoy City has been famous once as the location where the world‘s-highest-circulation Lithuanian newspaper „Saulė“ was published. Its massive three-floored wooden publishing house (1916) stood derelict until 2021, when it was demolished (the newspaper had its final issue in 1959 as the Lithuanian language use declined in the area; it had been established in 1888).

Saulė Lithuanian newspaper publishing house in 2017 (now demolished)

The facade of Saulė publishing house in 2017 (now demolished)

Lithuanians also had a Lithuanian bank in Mahanoy City, unfortunately, the building has been demolished in 2023. Interestingly, the bank has been established by a Lithuanian priest (Simonas Pautienius) as, at the time, ethnic minority banking was considered to be a social service more than a business, as the American banks often refused to lend to the immigrants. As the time passed and such discrimination ceased, the bank lost its raison-detre and merged into another bank in the 1940s, with building eventually becoming disused. The inscription on the building top said „1903-1923“. The bank is claimed to have been the first Lithuanian bank in the USA.

Mahanoy Lithuanian bank (the one with arched window)

The interior of Mahanoy Lithuanian bank

Mahanoy City had even more Lithuanian buildings: the Lithuanian school has been demolished in 2010 (closed down in 1972) to be turned into a newly-amalgamated parish's parking lot, while the Lithuanian convent still stands, however, there are no Lithuanian details survive there.

Outside of the town limits to the south, amidst the other cemeteries, stands the St. Joseph Lithuanian cemetery. The most important grave there is that of the Bočkauskas family, the publishers of „Saulė“. Interestingly, on some of this family's gravesypmes the surnames are written in Polonized (Bockowski) and some in prie-modern Lithuanian orthography (Boczkauskas), likely showing the rift that existed between those Lithuanian-Americans who emphasized their Lithuanian identity and those who preferred Polish as the „elite language“.

The grave of Publisher Bočkauskas family in Mahanoy City

Saulė publisher grave in Mahanoy City

North of Mahanoy City stands another, far sadder-looking Old Lithuanian Cemetery. It is entirely abandoned, overgrown with trees, many of its gravestones overturned. That cemetery was established by the Mahanoy City St. Joseph parish in 1922, as the Lithuanian inscription on the gate says ("1922 m."). However, then it turned out that the ground is unsuitable for burials due to ground water. A new cemetery was thus opened (see above) and the people were encouraged to rebury their relatives there. However, this cost money, and thus some Lithuanians remained buried in the old cemetery which is now not being taken care of.

Abandoned Old Lithuanian Cemetery of Mahanoy City

Abandoned Old Lithuanian Cemetery of Mahanoy City

Maizeville and Girardville: Lithuanian churches and a street

Maizeville village had the USA's sole Our Lady of Šiluva church (14 North Nice Street), named after the oldest church-recognized Marian vision in Europe that took place near the village of Šiluva in Lithuania. It has been constructed in 1967 after the old one burned down. The old church used to be been named St. Louis - however, the parish, even though already dominated by American-born Lithuanians, decided to adopt a more Lithuanian name for its new building. On the inside, they have commissioned many Lithuanian details and impressive stained-glass windows which were condemned for removal as the church had been closed.

Maizeville Our Lady of Šiluva Lithuanian church

Maizeville and the nearby Gilberton lost extremely many people even by Coal Region standards: in 1910 they had a population of 5500 yet only 750 live there today. Maizeville still has an Our Lady of Siluva Boulevard (actually a small side-road that once served as a highway on-ramp; after the highway closed, the name of the nearby church was given to it). Unfortunately, there is no street sign and the name thus appears on the maps alone.

Maizeville Our Lady of Šiluva boulevard

Girardville's (pop. 1500 today, 5000 in 1930) Lithuanian hub used to be its St. Vincent de Paul church. The city‘s first Lithuanian mass has been celebrated in an opera theater at 27 E. Main St. (as the town turned into a village, it became a cinema, roller skating hall and finally has been demolished). The current brick English gothic revival church has been built in 1926, its lavish interior simplified in 1978. It includes Lithuanian stained-glass windows. Although no Lithuanian mass has been held for a long time, the parish celebrated its Lithuanian minority heritage until its closure. The beautiful stained-glass windows remain, including one with a Lithuanian flag and the Cross of Vytis symbol. There are many Lithuanian surnames written under various works of art as those of their donors. The official website of the former parish declares that "our roots will always be in Lithuania". While the parishes were consolidated, the church was allowed to stay open initially but ~2020s it saw little use.

Girardville Lithuanian church

A stained-glass window at the Girardville Lithuanian church

Further south: Lithuanian heritage at 209 road

209 road ~15 miles south of Shenandoah has much of Lithuanian heritage in the towns along it.

Tamaqua town has the second still-open Lithuanian church of the region (St. Peter and Paul, 307 Pine St.), which is also an impressive example of Lithuanian modern art as its interior has been crafted by a famous Lithuanian-American sculptor-architect V.K. Jonynas (1976) in his unique style. The tower is crowned by a Lithuanian sun-cross. The Lithuanian flag, however, has been moved out while the wooden external cross was removed and replaced by a simple non-Lithuanian-styled one: Allentown diocese has been especially tough on the ethnicity of the churches so, while such things as Lithuanian crosses remained in the ex-Lithuanian churches elsewhere, they were almost invariably removed in the Southern Coal Region (except for the details too expensive to replace, such as the stained glass Windows). ~2018, a massive renovation in the Tamaqua church has also removed large swatches of original style that once formed the church as a single whole. Stations of the cross were replaced by the ones moved from another closed church, the altar side has been remodeled, the tower shortened (due to water leakage), and the front sculptures removed. The details that were removed still exist in the parish, albeit in other places (e.g. in the sacristy). Before the current Tamaqua church was built, Lithuanians used a building behind it as a church, as well as a school. That building still stands (constructed in 1927). While the remodeling removed some of the original character, they ensured that this church continues as the main church of Tamaqua, thus, it has not been closed (albeit renamed from St. Peter and Paul to St. John XXIII).

Tamaqua Lithuanian church

The interior of Tamaqua Lithuanian church

Tamaqua is one of the larger towns in the area with 7000 inhabitants (13 000 back in the "golden days"). It had 106 Lithuanian families in 1906 and 235 Lithuanian families in 1917; given the size of the families back then this may have made up 5-10% of population. Those families now lay at Owl Creek Road, where there is St. Peter and Paul Lithuanian cemetery (1929). The most impressive there is a derelict freestanding gate without any fence remaining. Two Lithuanian tricolor motifs are still visible on the gate, as are the words „Lithuanian cemetery“.

Tamaqua Lithuanian cemetery gate

The same cemetery was also jointly used by a parish ~5 miles east in Coaldale based in a white St. John the Baptist church. This church has been closed while the town itself lost nearly three-quarters of its population decreasing from 7000 to 2000 people. A Lithuanian inscription „Šv. Jono Lietuvių R. K. bažnyčia“ still remains on its cornerstone. It bears the date of 1914 05 10. After closure, this church was bought by a local person who was attached to it as he married his Lithuanian wife there and baptized their children there. Living in the rectory, he left the church mostly as it was. The diocese itself, however, after selling the church, tried to remove stained-glass-windows and the cornerstone but the parishioners and the new owner fought against this. Still, the diocese has removed the Lithuanian names of the church donors from the stained-glass windows.

Coaldale St. John Lithuanian church

Coaldale St. John the Baptist Lithuanian church

Coaldale St. John the Baptist Lithuanian church interior

Shenandoah is the most Lithuanian US town among those above 5000 inhabitants but if you count all the villages with population above 1000, New Philadelphia, that title belongs to New Philadelphia. ~25% people there are Lithuanians (more than of any other single ancestry). In 1910, when the village was double in size, there was a confrontation between two ethnicities: Lithuanians and Irish. Both established their own church and both remained open nearly until these days. Unfortunately, in 2008 the Lithuanian Sacred Heart church was closed (its building constructed in 1984). Now it serves as a church-owned café open weekly; the café still offers a Lithuanian kugelis, although all the Lithuanian symbols (such as Rūpintojėlis) have been removed by the diocese.

The former New Philadelphia Lithuanian chruch

Rūpintojėlis that was thrown away by the Allentown diocese

To better understand just how massive Lithuanian community of New Philadelphia was, you may see its Lithuanian school (abandoned, no Lithuanian details, built in 1926) and equally massive (for such a village) Sacred Heart Lithuanian cemetery.

New Philadelphia Lithuanian school

New Philadelphia Lithuanian cemetery

The village of Middleport still had so many patriotically-minded Lithuanians in 1948 (some 50 years after the Lithuanian mass-migration into the region) that they built an entirely new church there (not simply replacing an older one). However, a new Lithuanian parish was not created there, so priests from New Philadelphia used to come to celebrate the mass. The church is now closed and it has no Lithuanian details.

Middleport Lithuanian church

Minersville (pop. 4000 today, 9000 in 1930) Lithuanian parish of St. Francis of Assisi (1950) has been also condemned but its people achieved an impressive victory in Vatican. After their complaint, Vatican recognized that bishop illegally closed down their church. Unfortunately, the bishop refused to concede and decided to reopen the church merely symbolically (for a single holy mass celebration annually). Then, in the 2020s, it was decided to close the church down completely citing "little use of the building" as a reason. With the old Lithuanian parish community already disintegrated, this decision was left unchallenged.

Minersville Lithuanian church

On the hill above the church, there is the former Lithuanian school (open as a non-Lithuanian school without surviving Lithuanian details).

Minersville Lithuanian school

Minersville also has two Lithuanian cemeteries. The larger one by far is the Catholic Lithuanian Cemetery with a World War 2 memorial. There is also an eerily abandoned Lithuanian Liberty Cemetery by the hillside.

Minersville Lithuanian cemetery and World War 2 memorial

Lithuanian Liberty Cemetery of Minersville

St. Clair town (pop. 3000 today, 7000 in 1930) also saw its St. Casimir Lithuanian church (441 South Nicholas St., constructed in 1917) closed down during the campaign against the ethnic churches ~2010. The building is abandoned, with even the mass plaque with its final priest‘s name (Jankaitis) still adorning the wall.

Saint Clair Lithuanian church

St. Clair church information with a priest's surname

St. Casimir Lithuanian cemetery (est. 1929) remains near St. Clair, and the St. Casimir statue is its prime sight. Another Lithuanian cemetery (non-religious) is known as Sons of Lithuania cemetery and is located west of town together with St. Mary's Byzantine cemetery (without a visible separation).

St. Casimir in the St. Clair Lithuanian cemetery

Sons of Lithuania cemetery in St. Clair

The areas south of Shenandoah also host the Pennsylvania Lithuanian Days. This is the longest-continuously-running annual ethnic festival in the USA, taking place every year since 1914. In 1922-1984, and since 2021, they take place in Lakewood Park. Currently, the timing is the closest weekend to the day of Virgin Mary Assumption in August. Previously, there used to be one Lithuanian day and it used to take place even if it did not fall out on Sunday. Lithuanians would take a holiday that day and descend on the Lakewood Park and the coal mine owners knew its better not to dispute this by requiring Lithuanians to work. It is said some 13 trains would go to Lakewood Park that day. It was also common to raise Lithuanian flags that day - a tradition that still survives to some extent and you can still see Lithuanian tricolors if you drive around the region in mid-August. The Lithuanian Days include Lithuanian music, fair, dances, and history-related activities.

In a Lithuanian partisan camp during the Lithuanain Days

Lithuanian heritage west of Shenandoah

Mt. Carmel township (pop. 6 000 today, 18 000 back in 1930) was the hub of Lithuanian activities in the western Southern Coal Region. It still has a Lithuanian Social Club (309 S. Oak St.), established in 1926, with a door painted in Lithuanian tricolor. The club moved to this building in 1932. The club is among the most inclined to keep the Lithuanian heritage among the Lithuanian clubs of Pennsylvania's coal region, thanks to the young enthusiasts of Lithuanian heritage. Today, only a minority of its ~400 members are Lithuanians but, nevertheless, the club keeps the Lithuanian traditions and has many Lithuanian memorabilia inside. The club, open every day, also helping lonely people to socialize.

Mount Carmel Lithuanian club

Mt. Carmel also has a massive Holy Cross Lithuanian cemetery (south of town, Cemetery road). It was named after a Lithuanian church, closed in 1992 and now used as a warehouse, partly derelict, with many of its windows broken. The church is among the oldest in the area, its construction having begun in 1892 according to the Lithuanian cornerstone („St. Krizaus liet. bazniczia 1892“).

Mount Carmel Lithuanian church

Mount Carmel Lithuanian cemetery

The most important building in Mt. Carmel is, arguably, the Lithuanian school, sometimes claimed to be America‘s oldest. Now abandoned, it still has its facade adorned by Vytis and a Lithuanian name. The cornerstone says „Įsteigta 1923 metais“ („Esablished in year 1923“).

Mount Carmel Lithuanian church

Marija Kaupas, a Lithuanian nun, used to work in Mt. Carmel (she is on the route of canonization and a street has been named in her honor in Chicago). A center of voluntarism used by the Bucknell college has been named Mother Maria Kaupas Center for Volunteerism (est. 2015). Students live there temporarily, performing good deeds.

Maria Kaupas centre for volunteerism site

Shamokin town has been famous for America's first Lithuanian publishing house (which published Lithuanian-English dictionary by Markas Tvarauskas). It also had a Lithuanian St. Michael Archangel church (Cherry St.) that was closed in 1995 and demolished in 2015, although its basement stilll remains. Shamokin‘s Lithuanian club in nearby Coal Township was closed down for good during the COVID pandemic (~2020) and never reopened. The only Lithuanian institution that still remains is thus the Shamokin's Lithuanian cemetery (all of the town's cemeteries are located in a single area in the southeast next to coal mining remains, but the Lithuanian cemetery is separated from the others by the grove).

Shamokin old Lithuanian church, partly demolished (since 2015) on the left. Only the basment remains.

Shamokin Lithuanian club

Shamokin St. Michael Lithuanian cemetery

An interesting location on the way from Shenandoah to Mount Carmel and Shamokin is Centralia, a town that was demolished due to mine fires under it that sometimes led to smoke above ground.

Abandoned village of Centralia

While the town of Ashland has no Lithuanian clubs or churches, it has many people of Lithuania heritage. It also houses an original coal mine where one may descend to as well as an Anthracite museum that presents mining mostly from technological (rather than cultural) standpoint. There are no direct mentions of Lithuanians but the life these Lithuanians endured is represented.

Going inside the Ashland mine

Lithuanian heritage east of Shenandoah

The area's largest town east of Shenandoah is Hazleton (pop. 17 000 today, 38 000 back in 1940). Its brownish Sts. Peter and Paul's Lithuanian church (constuction began on 1911) used to be an extensive multiple-building complex. Unfortunately, it all has been sold in 2010 by the diocese and now serves as a Spanish Pentecostal church. Lithuanian-language cornerstone remains, however. Hazleton Lithuanian cemetery is at the Cemetery road / E Broad corner, offering numerous old inscriptions. The Hazleton Lithuanian parish was established in 1896 and is one of the oldest in America.

Cornerstone of the Hazleton Lithuanian church

Hazleton Lithuanian cemetery

McAdoo (pop. 2000 today, 5000 back in 1930) had a wooden St. Casimir Lithuanian church near the Cleveland and Adams street corner (it has been transformed into a residential house). It is interesting that this church has been born out of anti-Roman-Catholic sentiment as its builders planned to stay independent of Vatican. However after the works had begun in 1928 they disagreed among themselves and were short on money, therefore, they went back to Roman Catholicism. The completed church then served as Roman Catholic, although the congregation was never big enough to support a separate parish.

McAdoo Lithuanian church, now a detached home

The hard labor conditions in the mines led Lithuanians to protest but back then the worker's rights weren't that much protected. This had some tragic outcomes: a few Lithuanians have been killed by police in 1897 when they stroke and illegally marched in Lattimer town. 19 workers died that day and they are commemorated by a plaque in Harwood which declares that the victims were "Poles, Lithuanians, and Slovaks". A bigger memorial stands at the site of the massacre; a victim list there has a single obviously Lithuanian surname (Tomashontas) but more people may have been Lithuanians as in that era Lithuanian language was not standardized yet and surnames changed after migration. Lattimer massacre became well known in the USA and it caused the trade union ranks to swell. In spite of this, many Lithuanians who disliked the local conditions left the Pennsylvanian coal region for surrounding states, e.g. Upstate New York.

Memorial at the location of Lattimer Massacre

Lattimer Massacre site memorial list of victims

The start place plaque of the Lattimer march, with Lithuanian explicitly mentioned

A nice place to see a Pennsylvania Coal Region town that still looks much like the early Lithuanian migrants found them in the 19th century is the Eckley‘s Miners Village with its rows of wooden homes. It may be visited as a museum and the introductory film describes Lithuanians among its historic ethnicities. The entire town is being slowly converted into a museum as the vacated homes are not filled with new tenants.

Eckley‘s Miners Village street

The map

All the Lithuanian locations, described in this article, are marked on this interactive map, made by the "Destination - America" expedition (click the link):

Interactive map of Pennsylvania Southern Coal Region Lithuanian sites